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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">folklore</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фольклор: структура, типология, семиотика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Folklore: Structure, Typology, Semiotics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-5294</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РГГУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28995/2658-5294-2019-2-25-46</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">folklore-41</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Происхождение и функция архетипа «каузативной детали» в развитии и кросскультурных переходах легенды о Тристане и Изольде</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genesis and narrative function of causative elements in the Tristan and Isolt Legend: from Celtic epic to Medieval European Tradition</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор филологических наук, профессор</p><p>119991, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sci. (Philology), professor</p><p>bld. 1, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tamih.msu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Михайлова Т.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Михайлова Т.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mikhailova T.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://folklore.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/41">https://folklore.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/41</self-uri><abstract><p>Как принято считать, предание о Тристане и Изольде имеет кельтское происхождение, в первую очередь это касается трактовки магистральной линии легенды: рассказа о любви героев, возникшей в результате неверного использования магического средства. Этот сюжетный квант превращает повесть о любовном треугольнике в рассказ о подчинении року. В качестве главного источника принято называть ирландские предания «Преследование Диармайда и Грайнне» и «Изгнание сыновей Уснеха». Оба текста, дошедшие до нас как в письменных фиксациях, так и в фольклорных редакциях, объединяет тема любви невесты короля к его дружиннику и их бегства. В качестве каузативной детали, являющейся отправной точкой развития сюжета, в «Изгнании» выступает триада «красный – белый – черный» как тест сексуальной привлекательности (имеет многочисленные фольклорные параллели). В «Преследовании» мотив трех цветов исполняет уже функции орнаментальные. В фольклорных версиях каузативные функции передаются «любовной родинке» Диармайда. В фольклорной традиции существует несколько версий об обретении героем магического атрибута. В предании о Тристане данную сюжетную функцию исполняет любовный напиток. Во всех вариантах сюжета присутствует сакральный субъект, инициирующий активность героини. Архетипическая сюжетная схема остается неизменной, но претерпевает некоторые коррективы. В ирландских легендах невеста короля вначале испытывает «роковую страсть» (первый такт) и уже потом при помощи вербальной магии (в плане выражения варьирующей в разных редакциях) склоняет возлюбленного к бегству (второй такт). В легенде о Тристане зарождение любви и бегство объединяются в один сюжетный ход, но многотактовая структура остается: сакральный субъект распадается на два реальных персонажа (один готовит волшебное средство, другой подает его как бы ошибочно).</p><p>Особого внимания заслуживают современные «прочтения» легенды. В рассказе Т. Манна «Тристан» запретная любовь возникает в результате совместного прослушивания оперы Вагнера, в романе польской писательницы М. Кунцевич «Тристан 1946» эту же функцию выполняет симфония Франка. Проанализированный материал позволяет начертить единую сюжетную схему локального фрагмента с функционально маркированной для нарративного синтаксиса «деталью», имеющей самостоятельную ценность в другом сюжетном окружении.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The famous Celtic love-triangle story has its specific “syntax” in which the motif of the irrational beginning of the transgressive love fulfills a plot-forming (or a predicative) function. In Deirdre legend this impetus is represented by the image of a black raven who drinks fresh red blood poured on the white snow. This scene reveals in the maiden’s mind the image of her future lover (compare with the “black-red-white” episode in “Táin bó Fraich”). In late story on Diarmaid and Graiine the transgressive lover is described also having black hair and red cheeks (and white teeth), but the motif is transformed into an ornamental detail and losses its plot-forming function. The oral version of the story, preserved in folk-tradition, supplies this loss by the introduction of the motif of a spot of love (ball seirce) that has Diarmaid, making him irresistible to any woman. In the Tristan-story the same (or rather – analogical) plotforming motif is transformed into a “love-potion” given by Isolt’s mother and drunk by mistake by heroes. This magic drink of love really echoes the sleep-drink prepared by Grainne, but it is not so easy to say what motif is initial because of supposed oral versions of Tristan–legend in British Islands. The main narrative element of the story-frame is presumed to be a magus (druid, old hag, Isolt mother etc.) who fulfills the functions of Fate.</p><p>In the modern Polish novel “Tristan 1946” by Maria Kuncewiczowa (1967) the function of “love-potion” fulfills a disk with Cesar Franck’s symphony. The novel has the same “narrative syntax” but the action moved to the postwar Europe and the strategy of the author represents a kind of a game with the reader who must guess all allusions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>историческая поэтика</kwd><kwd>структура текста</kwd><kwd>сюжетные архетипы</kwd><kwd>реконструкция</kwd><kwd>ирландские саги</kwd><kwd>фольклор</kwd><kwd>легенда о Тристане и Изольде</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Historical poetics</kwd><kwd>traditional narratives</kwd><kwd>reconstruction</kwd><kwd>plot and subject</kwd><kwd>Irish sagas</kwd><kwd>folk tradition</kwd><kwd>Tristan legend</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козовой 1967 – Козовой В. Роман о Тристане и Изольде // Bédier J. Le roman de Tristan et Iseut. Moscou, Progress, 1967. P. 5–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bédier J. 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