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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">folklore</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фольклор: структура, типология, семиотика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Folklore: Structure, Typology, Semiotics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-5294</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РГГУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28995/2658-5294-2022-5-3-99-113</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">folklore-255</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Азырен, Киямат, души усопших: персонификация смерти в марийской мифологии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Azyren, Kiyamat, souls of the dead people. The personification of death in the Mari mythological culture</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Устьянцев</surname><given-names>Г. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ustyantsev</surname><given-names>H. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Герман Юрьевич Устьянцев</p><p>119192, г. Москва, Ломоносовский пр-т, д. 27</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Herman Yu. Ustyantsev</p><p>bldg. 4, bld. 27, Lomonosov Av., Moscow, 119192</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ustyan-93@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Устьянцев Г.Ю., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Устьянцев Г.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ustyantsev H.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://folklore.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/255">https://folklore.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/255</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье на основе полевых материалов автора и анализа этнографической литературы описаны характеристики нескольких персонажей марийского фольклора, связанных с сюжетами о смерти и «проводах» покойника. В числе данной категории персонажей «ангел смерти» Азырен (Азрени), божество «загробного мира» Киямат и духи усопших людей. Эти персонажи выполняют функцию «проводников» в царство мертвых и предвестников смерти. Одна из ипостасей бога Киямата в фольклоре – Киямат-тöра – покровитель усопших. Другая ипостась божества смерти, Киямат-саву́ш, выполняет роль «провожающего» на «на тот свет». Персонажи Азырен и «покойники с того света», как правило, являются героями несказочной прозы (легенд, быличек) и не считаются объектами культа. Образ Киямата, напротив, сакрален, с ним связаны некоторые традиции поминального ритуала. Киямата (кияматов) почитают в дни поминовения усопших и в процессе проводов покойника. Образ духа Азырен имеет демоническую сущность: его носители традиции приравнивают к «нечистой силе». Важно отметить, что, несмотря на семантическую связь «персонажей-проводников» с иномирным пространством и хтоническими локусами, в марийской мифологии они не выполняют функцию устрашения, присущую другим демонам. Их роль в культуре сводится к тому, чтобы увести душу покойника, не нарушая естественных границ между мирами живых и мертвых.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article, based on the author’s field materials and the analysis of ethnographic literature, describes the features of several Mari folklore characters, who are associated with plots about death and the “wires” of the deceased. This character category includes the “angel of death” Azyren (Azreni), the deity of the “afterlife” Kiyamat and the spirits of deceased people. These characters have the function of “guides” to the “afterlife” and harbingers of death. One of the hypostases of Kiyamata – the god Kiyamat-tyura, appears in folklore as the patron saint of the deads. Another hypostasis is Kiyamat-savush. He performs the role of seeing off to “the next world”. Some of these mythological characters are presented in narratives abstractly, the others are visualized more detailed. Azyren and the “deads”, as a rule, are heroes of non-fabulous prose (legends, epics and fairy tales), they are not considered to be the objects of worship. The image of Kiyamat, on the contrary, is sacred, and some traditions of the memorial ritual are associated with him. Kiyamat (kiyamats) is revered during the ceremonies devoted to a deceased person. The image of Azyren has demonic essence. He is believed to be the “evil spirits” and he scares alive people. Despite the semantic association between the spirits of death and the chthonic world, they do not perform the function of intimidation as other demons do. Their role in the folklore is to take away the soul of the deceased without violating the natural boundaries between the worlds. The article includes historiographical descriptions of these characters, etymological and comparative data, fragments of interviews.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Киямат</kwd><kwd>Азырен</kwd><kwd>Киямат-савуш</kwd><kwd>Киямат-тöра</kwd><kwd>марийский фольклор</kwd><kwd>персонификация смерти</kwd><kwd>марийская несказочная проза</kwd><kwd>смерть в фольклоре</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kiyamat</kwd><kwd>Azyren</kwd><kwd>Kiyamat-savush</kwd><kwd>Kiyamat-tyura</kwd><kwd>Mari folklore</kwd><kwd>personification of death</kwd><kwd>Mari non-fabulous prose</kwd><kwd>death in folklore</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Автор выражает благодарность Г.И. Александрову и Т.Ю. Григорьевой за помощь в сборе и обработке полевого материала.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The author expresses gratitude to G.I. Alexandrov and T.Y. 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